Pharmacology Quiz 30 Quiz InstructionsThis quiz consists of 20 multiple-choice questions.You will be awarded 5 marks for each correct answer. Question 1: Under conditions of lead exposure or poisoning in domestic food-producing animals, which tissues are most likely to accumulate an excessive charge of lead that exceeds the standard tolerable weekly intake?Skeletal muscle and boneLiver and kidneysCardiac muscle and milkAdipose tissue and blood Question 2: Which of the following statements correctly describes the accumulation of cadmium in cattle tissues as detailed in environmental toxicology?Cadmium accumulates heavily in the skeletal muscle and milk of younger cattle.Cadmium bioaccumulates preferentially in bones and eggs but is filtered out by the liver.There is a highly significant relationship where the kidneys of older cattle contain many times the quantity of cadmium found in younger cattle.Cadmium has a concentration factor of over one hundred from the dry matter of rations into cow's milk. Question 3: In the transmission of mercury, and especially organic mercury, which of the following is considered the only serious source in the human diet?Pork productsPoultry eggsFishCow's milk Question 4: Why are non-persistent pesticides, such as organophosphate and carbamate esters, less problematic in terms of residue transmission in ruminants?They are bound irreversibly to the rumen wall and excreted via feces unchanged.Rumen microorganisms detoxify these esters via hydrolysis and anaerobic reduction.Ruminants lack the receptor proteins required to absorb these compounds from the gastrointestinal tract.They are converted into highly lipophilic, non-absorbable complexes in the omasum. Question 5: During the Michigan polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) contamination accident of 1973, it was calculated that some dairy farmers ingested as much as 10 g of PBB via contaminated milk. Over what estimated period of time did this exposure occur between the initial contamination and the final identification of the pollutant?90 days120 days250 days365 days Question 6: Evaluate the following statements regarding antibiotic residues in food-producing animals:I. Growth-stimulating concentrations of 20 to 50 ppm result in no measurable residues in meat and only ppb levels in visceral organs.II. Prophylactic doses up to 100 ppm can lead to residues in the range of tenths of ppm in meat and several ppm in organs.III. Growth-stimulating therapeutic concentrations eliminate the risk of microbial resistance and R-factor transfer.Which of these statements are correct?I and II onlyII and III onlyI and III onlyI, II, and III Question 7: In swine treated with organic arsenic derivatives, levels exceeding the accepted permissible residue limit of 1 part/10^6 are typically found in muscles and tissues for up to how many days after the last treatment?2 days6 days14 days21 days Question 8: Which of the following pairs of compounds are synthetic exogenous anabolic agents that are currently claimed to be the safest products used as hormonal growth promoters?Diethylstilboestrol and MethyltestosteroneTrenbolone and ZeranolProgesterone and TestosteroneMelengestrol and Estradiol Question 9: Match the specific antibiotic or inhibitory substance with its detection limit in milk when using the Bacillus stearothermophilus Brilliant Black Reduction Test:1. Penicillin G2. Ampicillin3. Tetracycline4. ChloramphenicolChoose the correct matching set:1 - 8 IU/kg; 2 - 0.06 mg/kg; 3 - 0.8 mg/kg; 4 - 20 mg/kg1 - 20 IU/kg; 2 - 0.8 mg/kg; 3 - 0.06 mg/kg; 4 - 8 mg/kg1 - 8 IU/kg; 2 - 20 mg/kg; 3 - 0.06 mg/kg; 4 - 0.8 mg/kg1 - 0.06 IU/kg; 2 - 8 mg/kg; 3 - 20 mg/kg; 4 - 0.8 mg/kg Question 10: Read the assertion and reason carefully and choose the correct option:Assertion (A): Teat dipping with iodophors for mastitis prophylaxis should be handled stringently and limited primarily to problem herds.Reason (R): There is a relatively narrow safety span between the average adult's maximum daily iodine intake of 600–700 ug and the extra milk iodine levels observed after iodine teat treatments.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.A is true but R is false.A is false but R is true. Question 11: When treating lactating dairy cows for liver fluke infestations, what is the maximum percentage of the administered dose of halogenated and/or phosphorylated phenol fasciolicides that is excreted in the milk?A maximum of 2%A maximum of 5%A maximum of 10%A maximum of 15% Question 12: Match each fasciolicide compound with its residual excretion concentration in milk 120 hours (5 days) after treatment:1. Niclofolane (administered orally at 3 mg/kg)2. Oxyclozanide (administered orally at 10 mg/kg)3. Nitroxinil (administered subcutaneously at 10 mg/kg)4. Bromphenophos (administered orally at 12 mg/kg)Choose the correct matching sequence:1 - 0.02 mg/kg; 2 - 0.01 mg/kg; 3 - 0.2 mg/kg; 4 - 0.01 mg/kg1 - 0.2 mg/kg; 2 - 0.01 mg/kg; 3 - 0.02 mg/kg; 4 - 0.01 mg/kg1 - 0.01 mg/kg; 2 - 0.2 mg/kg; 3 - 0.01 mg/kg; 4 - 0.02 mg/kg1 - 0.02 mg/kg; 2 - 0.2 mg/kg; 3 - 0.01 mg/kg; 4 - 0.01 mg/kg Question 13: Which of the following anthelmintics is excreted almost exclusively in the urine and feces, leaving milk unaffected by any residues of relevance?NitroxinilFenbendazoleNiclofolaneBromphenophos Question 14: Read the following statements regarding Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomer kinetics in dairy cows:I. The beta-isomer of HCH is highly persistent and resistant to alkaline degradation because of its unique spatial chlorine configuration.II. The presence of alpha-HCH in milk is a signal for long-term, chronic exposure.III. The gamma-isomer of HCH is highly unstable due to equatorial and axial chlorine positions that favor ring fission and dechlorination.IV. To prevent milk contamination from exceeding the 0.05 ppm level, the feed concentrate tolerance for beta-HCH must be maintained between 2 to 5 parts/10^12 on dry matter base.Which of these statements are CORRECT?I, II, and III onlyI, III, and IV onlyII, III, and IV onlyI, II, III, and IV Question 15: Read the assertion and reason carefully and choose the correct option:Assertion (A): Highly stable and lipophilic chlorinated hydrocarbons undergo significant biomagnification from link to link in the terrestrial food chain.Reason (R): Less stable or ionic residues are easily degraded or kept at low levels during physiological passage, preventing them from building up high concentrations.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.A is true but R is false.A is false but R is true. Question 16: Approximately what percentage of an orally administered dose of aflatoxin B1 is excreted into milk as the hydroxylated metabolite aflatoxin M1?1% to 3%5% to 10%15% to 20%25% to 30% Question 17: Match the following toxic trace elements with their respective median concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) in German market milk:1. Lead2. Cadmium3. Mercury4. ArsenicChoose the correct matching sequence:1 - 0.02; 2 - 0.0015; 3 - 0.0005; 4 - 0.0041 - 0.0015; 2 - 0.02; 3 - 0.004; 4 - 0.00051 - 0.02; 2 - 0.004; 3 - 0.0015; 4 - 0.00051 - 0.0005; 2 - 0.0015; 3 - 0.02; 4 - 0.004 Question 18: Consider the following statements regarding chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in human breast milk:I. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and PCBs constitute the four major residues detected in human milk.II. Gamma-HCH (lindane) residues pose the most frequent and severe threshold violation in human milk.III. The concentration of lipophilic PCBs is magnified in human milk relative to cow's milk because of the human's position in the food chain.Which of these statements are TRUE?I and II onlyI and III onlyII and III onlyI, II, and III Question 19: In poisoned cattle, why does fluorine contamination not offer significant hazards for consumers of meat, milk, and visceral organs?Rumen microbes completely convert fluoride ions to insoluble calcium fluoride.Fluorine is exclusively excreted via sweat glands.There is absolutely no accumulation of fluorine in soft tissues.Fluorine is rapidly metabolized to volatile organofluorines in the lungs. Question 20: If a lactating dairy cow is treated with lindane as an ectoparasiticide, it can cause sudden, high-level contamination of milk. For at least how many weeks does this milk contamination persist?1 week2 weeks3 weeks6 weeks
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