Gynaecology Quiz 36 Quiz InstructionsThis quiz consists of 20 multiple-choice questions.You will be awarded 5 marks for each correct answer. Question 1: In a pig production unit, a sow's reproductive cycle comprises: Gestation = 115 days, Lactation = 21 days, and weaning-to-oestrus interval = 5 days. Assuming a 100% farrowing rate and no non-productive days, what is the calculated maximum potential farrowing index (litters per sow per year) for this herd?2.182.352.592.82 Question 2: Which of the following describes the recommended protocol for slow intravenous infusion of oxytocin to treat a retained placenta in a mare?10 IU oxytocin in 5 litres of physiologic saline over 3 hours50 IU oxytocin in 1 litre of physiologic saline over 1 hour100 IU oxytocin in 2 litres of physiologic saline over 30 minutes5 IU oxytocin in 500 millilitres of physiologic saline over 2 hours Question 3: During manual removal of a retained placenta in a mare, if it is impossible to detach the apical portions of the allantochorionic sac without tearing the membranes, what is the recommended course of action?Apply firmer traction on the non-pregnant horn to complete separation immediatelyUse an antiseptic uterine wash to dissolve the microvilliDesist and attempt manual removal again in 4 to 6 hoursAdminister high doses of systemic corticosteroids and attempt again in 12 hours Question 4: Evaluate the following statements regarding the consequences and pathology of manual placental removal in mares:I. Manual removal vastly increases the residue of microvilli left in the endometrium compared to normal expulsion.II. During difficult manual removal, practically all the microvilli are broken off and retained in the endometrium.III. Manual removal of the placenta decreases the subsequent risk of endometritis and laminitis by immediately resolving the retained tissue load.IV. Antiseptic solutions are highly recommended to rinse the uterus after manual removal to enhance local phagocytic activity.I and II are correct; III and IV are incorrectI and III are correct; II and IV are incorrectII and IV are correct; I and III are incorrectIII and IV are correct; I and II are incorrect Question 5: What is the physiological mechanism by which placing 10 litres of warm, sterile saline inside the chorioallantoic membrane assists in resolving retained placenta in a mare?The saline chemically dissolves the tight collagen junctions at the tips of the non-pregnant horn.It causes localized vasoconstriction of the endometrial capillaries, causing the microvilli to shrink.Stretching of the uterine wall stimulates uterine contractions via endogenous oxytocin release.It decreases the viscosity of the puerperal exudate, allowing the placenta to slip out under gravity. Question 6: Assertion (A): Vandeplassche and colleagues deprecate the use of any antiseptic solution to rinse the equine uterus after the expulsion of the afterbirth.Reason (R): Antiseptic solutions depress phagocytosis, which is a vital component of the uterine clearance mechanism.Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of ABoth A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of AA is correct, but R is incorrectA is incorrect, but R is correct Question 7: In mares at risk of developing toxic metritis following placental retention, which bacterial pathogen is typically the dominant infective organism initially?Escherichia coliPseudomonas aeruginosaStreptococcus zooepidemicusKlebsiella pneumoniae Question 8: Match the swine herd reproductive targets (Column I) with their corresponding optimal target values (Column II):Column I:1. Litters per sow per year2. Farrowing rate3. Non-repeat rate4. Litter size (total)Column II:P. > 90%Q. > 11.5R. > 2.3S. > 85%1-R, 2-S, 3-P, 4-Q1-S, 2-R, 3-Q, 4-P1-R, 2-P, 3-S, 4-Q1-P, 2-S, 3-R, 4-Q Question 9: Rectal palpation of the cervix is a diagnostic tool used to differentiate between anoestrus and suboestrus in pigs. Which of the following describes the difference in cervical characteristics?The cervix is larger and softer in true anoestrus but small and firm in suboestrus.The cervix is relatively small and firm in anoestrus, but softer in suboestrus due to luteal progesterone.The cervix is identical in both conditions, and only vaginal biopsy can differentiate them.The cervix is completely dilated in suboestrus, whereas it is completely occluded in true anoestrus. Question 10: During post-mortem examination of culled sows from a herd with reproductive issues, multiple small ovarian cysts (<5 mm) are found. What is the typical clinical manifestation of these multiple small cysts in the live animal?Persistent anoestrus due to high progesterone levels.Marked irregularity in cycle lengths accompanied by nymphomania (intense oestrus signs) due to oestrogen production.Normal gestation followed by premature farrowing of mummified fetuses.Silent heat (suboestrus) with normal luteal phase length. Question 11: For restoring cyclical activity in anoestrous sows with truly inactive ovaries, which combination of gonadotrophins and corresponding response rate is described by Schilling and Cerne (1972)?100 IU hCG + 100 IU eCG; resulting in 50% showing oestrus in 10-14 days200 IU hCG + 400 IU eCG; resulting in 87.6% showing oestrus in 3-8 days500 IU eCG + 500 IU progesterone; resulting in 95% showing oestrus in 24-48 hours1000 IU hCG alone; resulting in 75% showing oestrus in 12 days Question 12: In managing sow service timing, which of the following physiological timelines correctly sequences ovulation, ova lifespan, and the optimal service management window?Ovulation occurs 12–18 hours after standing oestrus begins; ova live 24 hours; first service should occur 36 hours after standing oestrus begins.Ovulation occurs 36–44 hours after standing oestrus begins; ova live less than 8 hours; first service should occur on the day of onset with a repeat 18–24 hours later.Ovulation occurs 72 hours after standing oestrus begins; ova live 48 hours; service is only required at 48 hours.Ovulation occurs 5–8 hours after standing oestrus begins; ova live 12 hours; sperm can survive for 72 hours in the uterus. Question 13: When blastocysts are experimentally flushed from pig uterine horns on Day 10 or 11, the sows return to oestrus at the normal time, whereas flushing them on Day 12 or 13 causes a delayed return on Days 26–30. What reproductive mechanism does this demonstrate?Blastocyst removal on Day 12 or 13 occurs after maternal recognition of pregnancy, delaying luteolysis and extending the return interval.Blastocysts flushed on Day 10 trigger immediate endometritis, leading to a permanent state of pseudopregnancy.Luteolysis is irreversible by Day 10, so early blastocyst removal has no impact on progesterone secretion.Blastocysts must be present for at least 20 days to affect the oestrous cycle length in the pig. Question 14: Using hormone assays to diagnose reproductive failure, match the diagnostic profiles (Day 21 Progesterone, Day 28 Progesterone, Day 28 Oestrone Sulphate) with the corresponding reproductive status in the sow:Diagnostic Profiles:Profile 1: High Progesterone, High Progesterone, High Oestrone SulphateProfile 2: Low Progesterone, High Progesterone, Low Oestrone SulphateProfile 3: High Progesterone, High/Low Progesterone, Low Oestrone SulphateProfile 4: Low Progesterone, Low Progesterone, Low Oestrone SulphateReproductive Statuses:W. CyclingX. PregnantY. Early embryonic deathZ. AnoestrousProfile 1 - X; Profile 2 - W; Profile 3 - Y; Profile 4 - ZProfile 1 - Y; Profile 2 - Z; Profile 3 - X; Profile 4 - WProfile 1 - X; Profile 2 - Z; Profile 3 - W; Profile 4 - YProfile 1 - W; Profile 2 - X; Profile 3 - Z; Profile 4 - Y Question 15: Assertion (A): Gilts are highly susceptible to reproductive failure caused by Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) during their first pregnancy if they have not been exposed before service.Reason (R): PPV is highly contagious and must infect the female during the second half of pregnancy to cause transplacental fetal mummification.Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of ABoth A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of AA is correct, but R is incorrectA is incorrect, but R is correct Question 16: In a breeding herd experiencing an outbreak of Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), for how long can semen quality in affected boars be compromised?Only during the acute febrile stage (typically 2 to 3 days)For up to 13 weeks, or occasionally on a permanent basisExactly 21 days, matching the duration of one spermatogenic cycleSemen quality is unaffected because the virus does not cross the blood-testis barrier Question 17: According to Glossop (1992), what is the calculated maximum physiological potential farrowing index (farrowings per sow per year) for a sow, assuming a 100% farrowing rate?1.8 to 2.02.1 to 2.22.5 to 2.63.0 to 3.2 Question 18: Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) can spread via several routes. What is the suspected maximum distance over which local airborne spread of the PRRS virus can occur between herds?Up to 3 kmUp to 300 metresUp to 15 kmUp to 50 km Question 19: According to Hemsworth (1988), how low can the oestrus detection rate in gilts be in some pig production units?20–30%50–60%75–80%90–95% Question 20: Under Wrathall’s (1971) classification of infectious causes of infertility in pigs, match the pathogen (Column I) with its appropriate grouping and description (Column II):Column I:1. Porcine enteroviruses2. Streptococcus spp.3. Porcine parvovirus4. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeColumn II:P. Group 1 (Ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogen)Q. Group 2 (Common contagious pathogen causing rapid spread, strong postnatal immunity)1-Q, 2-P, 3-Q, 4-P1-P, 2-Q, 3-P, 4-Q1-Q, 2-Q, 3-P, 4-P1-P, 2-P, 3-Q, 4-Q
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