Veterinary Pathology Quiz 32 Quiz InstructionsThis quiz consists of 20 multiple-choice questions.You will be awarded 5 marks for each correct answer. Question 1: When testing gross tissue specimens for amyloid, painting the cut surface of affected organs with an iodine solution yields a yellow-red color. Which of the following chemical treatments transforms this color into blue or violet?Dilute hydrochloric acidDilute sulfuric acidAbsolute ethanolAqueous methyl violet Question 2: Under electron microscopy, amyloid deposits are composed of both fibril and non-fibril proteins. What is the approximate proportion of the non-fibrillar glycoprotein (P component) and other glycoproteins in these deposits?About 1%About 5%About 25%About 50% Question 3: Match the macroscopic lesions or amyloid deposition characteristics described in Column I with the correct animal species or organ presentation in Column II:Column I:1. Lardaceous spleen2. Severe tendency for fatal hepatic rupture3. Islet of Langerhans deposition leading to diabetes4. Sago spleenColumn II:X. Diffuse waxy, sheet-like deposits in splenic pulpY. Deposition in the pancreas of affected individualsZ. Grossly protruding, waxy grey focus around the central artery of splenic folliclesW. Horse liver amyloidosisSelect the correct matching combination:1-X, 2-W, 3-Y, 4-Z1-Z, 2-W, 3-Y, 4-X1-X, 2-Y, 3-W, 4-Z1-Z, 2-Y, 3-W, 4-X Question 4: What is the correct sequence of events in the pathogenesis of secondary (reactive systemic) amyloidosis?Chronic inflammation -> Macrophage activation -> Interleukin-1 & 6 release -> Liver synthesis of SAA -> Limited proteolysis due to enzyme defect -> Insoluble AA fibrilsImmunocyte dyscrasia -> Monoclonal B-cell proliferation -> Synthesis of SAA -> Limited proteolysis -> Insoluble AL proteinChronic inflammation -> Hepatocyte necrosis -> Immediate release of preformed SAA -> Neutralization by histaminase -> Insoluble AA fibrilsAntigen-antibody precipitate -> Hyperglobulinaemia -> SAA synthesis by spleen -> Macrophage phagocytosis -> Insoluble AL protein Question 5: Evaluate the correctness of the following statements regarding the microscopic identification and staining of amyloid:I. In H&E stained sections, amyloid stains strongly pink with eosin and appears as a homogeneous perivascular mass.II. The Van Gieson technique is used to differentiate amyloid from collagen; under this stain, amyloid stains red while collagen stains yellow.III. Metachromatic aniline dyes such as methyl violet, crystal violet, and thionin stain amyloid red while staining the surrounding tissue blue or green.IV. Under polarized light, Congo red-stained amyloid exhibits a characteristic yellow-green birefringence due to the crossed beta-pleated configuration of the fibrils.Which of the statements are correct?I, II, and III onlyI, III, and IV onlyII, III, and IV onlyI, II, III, and IV Question 6: This question consists of an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R):Assertion (A): The presence of circulating Bence Jones proteins in the serum is, by itself, insufficient to produce primary amyloidosis.Reason (R): Deposition of immunoglobulin light chains as AL amyloid fibrils requires other factors, such as the specific amyloidogenic potential of the light chain and its subsequent limited proteolysis.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.A is true, but R is false.A is false, but R is true. Question 7: The local signs that characterize inflammation are known as the cardinal signs. Who officially added the fifth cardinal sign, 'loss of function' (functio-laesa), in AD 1858?Claudius GalenJulius CohnheimRudolph VirchowSir Thomas Lewis Question 8: Pain (dolor) during acute inflammation is caused by tissue stretching, pressure on nerve endings, and the release of specific chemical mediators. Which of the following mediators plays only a minor role in producing actual pain, primarily causing an itching effect instead?BradykininSerotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)ProstaglandinsHistamine Question 9: How do the 'dye technique' and the 'colloidal carbon technique' differ in their ability to assess increased vascular permeability in experimental models of inflammation?The dye technique can quantitate the leak but cannot identify the specific leaky vessels, whereas the colloidal carbon technique specifically labels and identifies the leaking vessels.The dye technique uses carbon particles to label normal blood vessels, whereas the colloidal carbon technique uses Evans blue to measure the size of the blue patch.The dye technique stains only the capillary endothelium, whereas the colloidal carbon technique is specific for arteriolar labeling.The dye technique is purely a microscopic method, whereas the colloidal carbon technique is strictly a gross macroscopic method. Question 10: Consider the following statements comparing acute and chronic inflammation:I. Acute inflammation is characterized mainly by the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, along with the emigration of neutrophils.II. Chronic inflammation is of longer duration and is histologically characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, blood vessel proliferation, and fibrosis.III. Repair of damaged tissue begins only after the complete resolution of chronic inflammation and is a completely separate entity.IV. Both acute and chronic inflammation are always beneficial and cannot cause tissue damage under any circumstances.Which of the statements are correct?I and II onlyI, II, and III onlyI and IV onlyII, III, and IV only Question 11: Match the mechanisms of increased vascular permeability listed in Column I with their corresponding characteristics/mediators in Column II:Column I:1. Formation of endothelial gaps in venules2. Endothelial cell retraction3. Direct endothelial injury4. Delayed prolonged leakageColumn II:W. Cytokines like IL-1, TNF, and IFN-gamma; takes 4-6 hours to develop and persists for 24+ hoursX. Histamine and bradykinin; immediate transient response (15-30 minutes), affecting only venulesY. Usually seen after severe burns or infections; immediate sustained response affecting venules, capillaries, and arteriolesZ. Mild-to-moderate thermal or radiation injury; begins after 2 to 12 hours, lasting for hours or daysSelect the correct matching combination:1-X, 2-W, 3-Y, 4-Z1-W, 2-X, 3-Y, 4-Z1-X, 2-Y, 3-W, 4-Z1-Z, 2-W, 3-Y, 4-X Question 12: Julius Cohnheim (1839-1884) was the first to describe vascular changes in inflammation in 1877. Which animal and organ did he use to observe the flow of blood through vessels after applying dilute acetic acid?The ear of a rabbitThe mesentery of a frogThe webbed foot of a duckThe liver of a rat Question 13: What is the primary cause of 'stasis' during the early vascular changes of acute inflammation?Momentary reflex vasoconstriction of the regional venulesRapid outflow of leukocytes causing physical plugs inside capillariesIncreased vascular permeability leading to fluid loss, hemoconcentration, and increased blood viscosityDecreased hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary bed preventing flow Question 14: This question consists of an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R):Assertion (A): In Sir Thomas Lewis's 'triple response' experiments, neither the red stroke mark (erythema) nor the localized swelling (weal) could be abolished by cutting the local sensory nerves.Reason (R): The red stroke mark and the weal are mediated directly by locally produced chemical substances released by the injured tissue, rather than being dependent on nervous reflex connections.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.A is true, but R is false.A is false, but R is true. Question 15: Examine the following statements regarding the metabolism and actions of arachidonic acid (AA) in acute inflammation:I. Arachidonic acid is released from cell membrane phospholipids by the activation of cellular phospholipase A2.II. The cyclooxygenase pathway converts AA to unstable prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), which can then be enzymatically converted to Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in platelets or Prostacyclin (PGI2) in vascular endothelium.III. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a potent vasodilator and an inhibitor of platelet aggregation.IV. 5-Lipoxygenase is the primary lipoxygenase enzyme in neutrophils and converts AA into 5-HPETE, which is subsequently converted into leukotrienes.Which of the statements are correct?I, II, and III onlyI, II, and IV onlyII, III, and IV onlyI, III, and IV only Question 16: Match the primary sites of amyloid deposition described in Column I with the corresponding domestic species in Column II based on the text:Column I:1. Primarily in the kidney, but sometimes in the spleen, liver, and adrenal gland2. Spleen, liver, adrenal, and kidney; also occasionally in conjunctiva, respiratory passages, and skin3. Kidney, adrenal, spleen, and liver; kidneys are especially large4. Prominent lesions in the spleen when affected with tuberculosisColumn II:W. CattleX. ChickenY. DogZ. HorseSelect the correct matching combination:1-Y, 2-Z, 3-W, 4-X1-Z, 2-Y, 3-W, 4-X1-Y, 2-W, 3-Z, 4-X1-W, 2-Z, 3-Y, 4-X Question 17: Histamine, the principal mediator of the immediate phase of increased vascular permeability, is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. Which enzyme is responsible for its subsequent inactivation soon after its release?Histidine decarboxylaseHistaminasePhospholipase A2Cyclooxygenase-2 Question 18: Although 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) acts as a vasoactive amine capable of mediating the immediate phase of increased vascular permeability, the text notes its presence in mast cells is restricted to which of the following species?Rats and miceDogs and catsCattle and horsesHumans and monkeys Question 19: In amyloidosis of the pancreas, between which structures is the amyloid deposited, and what clinical condition does it cause?Between the pancreatic acinar cells and the pancreatic duct; causes exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyBetween the capillaries and the islet cells of Langerhans; causes diabetes mellitusBetween the smooth muscle layers and the outer capsule; causes pancreatitisWithin the lumen of the pancreatic duct; causes ductal occlusion and atrophy Question 20: During acute inflammation, the slowing of blood flow alters the normal distribution of blood cells. What is the correct sequence of events that leukocytes undergo as they interact with the vascular wall?Pavementing -> Adhesion -> Margination -> RollingMargination -> Rolling -> Adhesion -> PavementingAdhesion -> Rolling -> Pavementing -> MarginationRolling -> Margination -> Pavementing -> Adhesion
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