Gynaecology Quiz 31 Quiz InstructionsThis quiz consists of 20 multiple-choice questions.You will be awarded 5 marks for each correct answer. Question 1: What is the approximate duration of spermatogenesis (in days) in the bull (Bos taurus)?32–38 days45–49 days54–61 days72–76 days Question 2: Which of the following components in a Tris-egg yolk-glycerol extender primarily acts as a non-permeating cryoprotectant by stabilizing the lipoprotein-phospholipid membrane of spermatozoa during cooling and freezing?GlycerolEgg yolk lecithinFructoseCitric acid monohydrate Question 3: For the successful collection of semen from a mature breeding bull using an Artificial Vagina (AV), what is the ideal initial water temperature inside the inner sleeve to stimulate ejaculation?38°C – 40°C42°C – 45°C48°C – 52°C55°C – 60°C Question 4: Which sugar is the primary source of energy (glycolysis substrate) for spermatozoa in the semen of bulls, rams, and bucks, secreted mainly by the seminal vesicles?GlucoseFructoseSorbitolGalactose Question 5: Which lysosomal-like enzyme, located within the acrosome of the spermatozoon, is responsible for digesting the zona pellucida during fertilization?HyaluronidaseAcrosinAcid phosphataseSuccinic dehydrogenase Question 6: The "Dag defect" of bovine spermatozoa is a hereditary structural abnormality characterized by:Strongly coiled or folded tails, originating from a defect in the centriole/axoneme.Protoplasmic droplets remaining on the middle piece.Flattened, pear-shaped (pyriform) heads.Dual-headed spermatozoa due to incomplete separation. Question 7: Which of the following organic compounds is highly concentrated in the epididymis and serves as a classic biochemical marker of epididymal secretory activity in domestic animals?Citric acidGlycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC)FructoseZinc Question 8: The phenomenon of "cold shock" in spermatozoa, characterized by irreversible loss of motility and viability upon rapid cooling, is primarily caused by:Sudden intracellular ice crystal formation.Phase transition of membrane lipids from liquid-crystalline to gel state, causing membrane leakage.Hyperosmotic stress resulting from solute concentration.Rapid depletion of intracellular ATP due to mitochondrial swelling. Question 9: What is the primary biological purpose of the "equilibration period" during the cryopreservation of bovine semen?To allow fructose to be completely metabolized by the sperm to maintain ATP levels.To allow the permeating cryoprotectant (glycerol) to equilibrate across the sperm cell membrane and establish cellular dehydration/osmotic balance.To activate the mitochondrial respiratory chain before freezing.To permit egg yolk low-density lipoproteins to fully encapsulate the sperm tail. Question 10: The Hypo-osmotic Swelling (HOS) test is a standard laboratory assay used to evaluate which functional characteristic of spermatozoa?Nuclear chromatin integrityFunctional integrity of the plasma membraneMitochondrial membrane potentialAcrosomal reaction status Question 11: Match the species with their most appropriate semen collection equipment or technique: I. Stallion II. Boar III. Bull IV. Rooster a. Gloved-hand technique b. Missouri or Colorado Artificial Vagina c. Abdominal massage method d. Salisbury / Russian design Artificial VaginaI-b, II-a, III-d, IV-cI-a, II-b, III-c, IV-dI-b, II-c, III-a, IV-dI-d, II-a, III-b, IV-c Question 12: Match the semen diluent ingredients with their primary biochemical roles in semen preservation: I. Glycerol II. Citric acid III. Penicillin / Streptomycin IV. Egg yolk / Soy lecithin a. Cryoprotection (intracellular) b. Osmotic buffering and chelating calcium ions c. Protection against microbial contamination d. Protection against thermal shock (extracellular membrane stabilizer)I-a, II-b, III-c, IV-dI-b, II-a, III-d, IV-cI-a, II-d, III-c, IV-bI-d, II-b, III-a, IV-c Question 13: Match the sperm abnormalities with their corresponding developmental origin classification: I. Diadem defect II. Dag defect III. Proximal protoplasmic droplet IV. Detached heads (detached normal heads) a. Primary head defect (testicular origin) b. Primary tail defect (testicular origin) c. Secondary midpiece defect (epididymal maturation origin) d. Secondary/Post-ejaculatory defect (handling or senility origin)I-a, II-b, III-c, IV-dI-b, II-a, III-d, IV-cI-a, II-c, III-b, IV-dI-d, II-b, III-a, IV-c Question 14: Evaluate the following statements regarding bovine frozen semen evaluation: Statement 1: The minimum post-thaw progressive motility (PTM) required for releasing bovine frozen semen straws for field AI is generally 50%. Statement 2: The standard thawing protocol for bovine semen frozen in 0.25 mL French straws is 37°C for 30 seconds. Statement 3: Glycerol concentrations in the final extended bovine semen frozen in straws usually range between 12% and 15% v/v. Statement 4: Microbial contamination in frozen semen is controlled by adding tylosin, gentamycin, spectinomycin, and lincomycin (GTLS combo). Which of the statement combinations is completely correct?Statements 1 and 3 are correct.Statements 2 and 4 are correct.Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct.Statements 2, 3, and 4 are correct. Question 15: Evaluate the following statements regarding male reproductive pathology in ruminants: Statement 1: Cryptorchidism in bulls is most commonly bilateral, leading to complete sterility, while unilateral cryptorchidism is rare. Statement 2: Testicular hypoplasia is a heritable condition characterized by normal spermatogonia but a failure in the development of the interstitial endocrine cells of Leydig. Statement 3: In testicular degeneration, the seminiferous tubules undergo vacuolation, desquamation of spermatogenic cells, and eventually fibrosis and calcification. Statement 4: Seminal vesiculitis in bulls is frequently caused by Brucella abortus and Trueperella pyogenes (formerly Arcanobacterium pyogenes). Which of the combinations contains only CORRECT statements?Statements 1 and 2Statements 3 and 4Statements 1, 3, and 4Statements 2, 3, and 4 Question 16: Evaluate the following statements regarding semen dilution and extender formulation: Statement 1: The dilution rate of semen is calculated based on the initial concentration of spermatozoa, progressive motility, and the desired number of motile spermatozoa per insemination dose. Statement 2: Citric acid whey extender is highly recommended for freezing stallion semen. Statement 3: The standard number of total spermatozoa in a single French mini straw (0.25 mL) of bovine semen is typically 20 million to ensure at least 10 million motile sperm. Statement 4: High levels of calcium in semen extenders stimulate sperm motility and prolong cryopreservation survival. Which of the following combinations is correct?Statements 1 and 3 are correct.Statements 2 and 4 are correct.Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct.Statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct. Question 17: Assertion (A): Electroejaculation is highly preferred over the Artificial Vagina method for routine semen collection in young, healthy bulls at commercial AI stations. Reason (R): Electroejaculation does not require a mount animal (teaser) or training of the bull, and it consistently yields semen of higher concentration than the Artificial Vagina method.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).(A) is true, but (R) is false.Both (A) and (R) are false. Question 18: Assertion (A): During the preparation of Tris-egg yolk-glycerol extenders, glycerol must be added to the semen after it has been cooled to 4°C – 5°C, rather than at room temperature (30°C). Reason (R): Addition of glycerol at room temperature causes severe, irreversible osmotic shock and chemical toxicity to bovine spermatozoa, whereas cooling to 4°C – 5°C reduces sperm metabolic rate and minimizes glycerol toxicity.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).(A) is true, but (R) is false.(A) is false, but (R) is true. Question 19: Assertion (A): The recto-vaginal technique is the most widely accepted and successful method for artificial insemination in cows and buffaloes. Reason (R): This technique allows the inseminator to manually fix the cervix via the rectum, ensuring precise deposition of semen into the body of the uterus while bypassing vaginal anatomical barriers.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).(A) is true, but (R) is false.(A) is false, but (R) is true. Question 20: A bull ejaculate has the following characteristics: - Volume: 6.0 mL - Sperm Concentration: 1200 million/mL (1.2 x 10^9 /mL) - Progressive Motility: 70% You are required to process this semen into 0.25 mL French straws, with each straw containing exactly 20 million total spermatozoa. Calculate the total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, the final volume of extended semen that can be prepared, and the total number of straws that can be filled from this ejaculate.7.2 billion sperm; 90 mL extended volume; 360 straws7.2 billion sperm; 180 mL extended volume; 720 straws5.04 billion sperm; 252 mL extended volume; 1008 straws7.2 billion sperm; 360 mL extended volume; 1440 straws
0 Comments